Fifth Disease
Jun 22, 2004 11:16 AM
Fifth Disease (erythema infectiosum, human parvovirus B19 infections)
What is fifth disease?
Fifth disease, a mild, usually nonfebrile rash illness is caused by a human parvovirus (B19). For many years, fifth disease was viewed as an unimportant illness of children. Recently, studies have shown that the virus may be responsible for serious complications in certain individuals. No accurate estimate of disease occurrence is available in New York City because fifth disease is not a reportable condition.
Who gets fifth disease?
Anyone can be affected, but the disease seems to occur more often in elementary school children.
How is the virus spread?
The virus is spread by exposure to airborne droplets from the nose and throat of infected people.
What are the symptoms of fifth disease and when do they appear?
One to two weeks after exposure, some children will experience a low grade fever and tiredness. By the third week, a red rash generally appears on the cheeks giving a "slapped face" appearance. The rash may then extend to the body and tends to fade and reappear. Sometimes, the rash is lacy in appearance and may be itchy. Some children may have vague signs of illness or no symptoms at all.
When and for how long is a person able to spread the disease?
People with fifth disease appear to be contagious during the week before the appearance of the rash. By the time the rash appears, the person is probably no longer contagious.
How is fifth disease diagnosed?
In most cases, the diagnosis is based on the appearance of typical symptoms. A specific antibody test to confirm the diagnosis has recently became available but is not necessary in healthy children.
Does past infection with the virus make a person immune?
It is thought that people who have been previously infected acquire long-term or lifelong immunity. Studies have shown that more than 50 percent of adults are immune to parvovirus B19.
What is the treatment for fifth disease?
At this time, there is no specific treatment.
What are the complications associated with fifth disease?
While there is no evidence that human parvovirus B19 infection is a significant cause of fetal defects, some studies have shown that infection during pregnancy may increase risk of miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. In people with chronic red blood cell disorders, such as sickle-cell disease, infection may result in severe anemia. Infection has also been associated with arthritis in adults.
How can fifth disease be prevented?
Measures to effectively control fifth disease have not been developed yet. During outbreaks in schools, pregnant school employees and people with chronic red blood cell disorders should consult their physician and the health department for advice.
What should I do if I am exposed to a child with fifth disease during my pregnancy?
If you are exposed to a case or develop symptoms of fifth disease while pregnant, you should consult your doctor. Blood testing is available at some private laboratories and at the New York State Health Department laboratory to determine if you are already immune or infected with parvovirus B19. March 2003New York City residents: For more information on fifth disease, call 212-788-4204 during normal business hours (Monday-Friday, 9:00am-5:00pm). For people who reside outside of New York City, please contact your state or local health department.
